The Case Of The Lehman Brothers Was Truly An Eye Opening...

American Capitalism. Is a large discrepancy between executive pay and that of the average worker unfair to the worker? Is it unfair to increase a CEO s compensation at the same time that he or she downsizes the workforce? What is an ethically justifiable way to determine the pay of a CEO of a large corporation? Explain. The Lehman Brothers debacle was truly an eye opening event that forced the topic of executive pay and abuse into the mainstream. Up to this point, as American businesses continued to amass more wealth, and pay disparity became more evident across multiple sectors, many truly did not know the powerful relationship between big business and government. When Lehman filed for bankruptcy in 2008, and shortly thereafter pumped millions to executives, a heated debate emerged on the morality of justifying this payout. Richard Fuld went before Congress to testify, taking all responsibility for decisions which led to the demise of the business. However, it was hard to justify asking for a bailout while sending millions to the executive team. Related questions: Is a large discrepancy between executive pay and that of the average worker unfair to the worker? In my opinion, no. Those in executive positions have to take on much greater responsibility than that of the average worker. In this instance, the CEO had to testify before Congress, was crucified by the media, and faced a host of other obstacles from the SEC and other financial sectors. Does that make hisShow MoreRelatedInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 Pagesthe underpricing of risk. There was just too much credit out there, and there was a risk premium being charged for the credit that was being extended. And that was particularly true in the mortgage markets. ... Most of the really weak underwriting occurred in loans that were packaged in securitizations by Wall Street and then sold off to private investors. So we bought a database that included these loans to try to get a handle on how bad the situation was. And it was pretty frightening what we sawRead MoreCorporate Responsibility in Business4086 Words   |  17 Pagesbusiness morals and ethical issues. Our primary focus was to examine the issues facing the financial world pertaining to public issues in mergers, management versus stockholders’ interest, and the changing nature of the stockholders. In addition, we covered ethical dilemmas that investors, managers, analysts, brokers and employees confront in business. We went into depth analyzing case studies, researching and discussions on these current events that affected the core of business ethics at work, inRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System Financial Crisis5929 Words   |  24 Pagescollapse the dollar. While there are ple nty of faults to go around on what cause this crisis, there was never a clear path on how to reverse the demand that was cause by repealing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. Although there has been other regulations and acts pass since the repeal of the Act of 1933, the ability to restore and strength our dollar has been an uphill battle to take control of it. What was known within our economic system to readjust and rebuilt had not worked to establish balance playingRead MoreHow Global Economic Environment Is Affecting International Marketers?11351 Words   |  46 Pageswebsites etc. 1.4 Limitation: Adequate efforts have been taken to accomplish this report according to the objectives. But it was not possible to gather comprehensive information articles on the given topic, which would obviously give better result. 2. Global Economic Downturn: The words economy and recession have become commonplace terms ever since the fall of the Lehman Brothers group in the USA. 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Doh, Jonathan P. II. Hodgetts, Richard M. International management. III. Title. HD62.4.H63 2012 658 .049—dc22 2011002070 www.mhhe.com Dedicated in Memory of Richard M. Hodgetts A Pioneer in International Management Education Read MoreConstraints and Challenges for the Global Manager13619 Words   |  55 Pagesif you can do it, at least most of the time. 71 A Manager’s Dilemma The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks left Emirates, like all other airlines, facing one of the most severe crises in its history. In addition to 9/11, the airline industry was also affected by the war in Iraq, a weak global economy, and the outbreak of SARS—all in rapid succession. The industry had net losses of $31 billion between 2001 and 2003, and a number of previously successful carriers faced bankruptcy. Many resortedRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publish ers orRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSaddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. IncludesRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

William Golding s Lord Of The Flies - 1745 Words

1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experience with the real-life brutality of World War II which had a profound effect on his perspective of humanity and the evils of which it is capable. This fictional novel examines the fundamental human struggle between civilization and savagery; good versus bad. The importance of Simon as a character in Lord of the Flies is often overlooked. Mature, insightful and wise to the point of being prophetic, Simon stands on an entirely different spiritual plane from the other stranded boys. Simon embodies an intrinsic, human morality that contrasts the primal evil present in the other boys. As a reader I felt particularly drawn to Simons introspective, spiritual, objective, and moral nature in the face of a catastrophic descent from civilisation. I admired his innate good thoughts and actions amongst an outbreak of death and savagery: found for them the fruit they could not reach, pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands†.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. Generally speaking, the setting of such literature is basically around an isolated island which is far from human society. The characters usually follow a primary lifestyle so that illustrate the courageRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1776 Words   |  8 PagesMaybe the beast is us (Golding 85), in the novel, Lord of the Flies, by author William Golding, Golding uses the entire book as social commentary. The social aspect he focuses on is man’s ability to be evil and destructive. William Golding uses three specific literary devices to convey this idea; characterization, diction and symbolism. Lord of the Flies explains man s capacity for evil which is revealed in his inherent human nature, which he cannot control or ignore. The hidden evil withinRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1119 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is human nature? How does William Golding use it in such a simple story of English boys to precisely illustrate how truly destructive humans can be? Golding was in World War Two, he saw how destructive humans can be first hand, and how ‘normal’ people can turn into savages. In the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding, Golding uses the theme of human nature to show how easily society can fall, and how self-destructive human nature is towards itself. Throughout the story there are recurring

Significant factors Essay Example For Students

Significant factors Essay In the first experiment data was collected from 306 pupils in Years 2-6 (7 to 11 years) in an urban primary school in Hull. Words were randomly assigned to 5 lists of 30 words, administered by class teachers as spelling tests on 5 consecutive days. Only perfect responses were accepted, thus scoring was consistent.  To determine how the 4 factors contributed to spelling difficulty, data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), (p.20), applying regression methods, the degree of association between the variables. As details of the SPSS are not available one must assume such a standardised measure is appropriate for the purpose. According to Spencer all factors were significant in Years 2 to 6, apart from word frequency in Year 4 and phonemic length in Year 6. The 4 factors accounted for 40% to 60% of spelling variability. When data was combined and re-analysed, the factors accounted for 63% of the variability of spelling the150 words by all children. However, there is no evidence to support this, raising doubt about reliability. Mean spelling scores for all Years are given (Table 2, p. 20), but there is no indication of each Year Groups spelling performance for the three lists. Thus there is no reliable evidence that:   after two years of extra schooling, the least able 9-year olds have only reached the same level of proficiency on the moderate words than the 7-year olds had attained on the easy words. Instead, Spencer analysed individual words to determine the percentage spelled correctly and expressed the results as ranges. This fails to give a representative picture and is inconclusive, particularly as the range for difficult words is wide, from 33.8% (course) to 80.1% (by). An overall score for each type of list would have been more informative.  The influence of the factors is presented in terms of mean values. Children experienced increasing difficulty with uncommon words, but tricky phonemes and phonetic difference were the two most significant factors. Words with obscure phonemic representations were more difficult to spell, with 55% in the easy category spelled correctly but only 12% in the difficult, (Figure 1a, p. 21). As the number of letters per phoneme increased spelling performance deteriorated, (Figure 1b, p. 21). The impact of obscure phonemic forms was particularly noticeable with less able children, only 65% of whom in each year group were able to spell easy words and 10% could spell difficult words (p. 22). In this instance results for the least able pupils in each Year Group are presented as a table (Figure 2, p. 22), clearly showing how performance fell as words became more difficult. In a second experiment reading data from a class of 28, Year 2 children in a similar Hull school was analysed for the same factors. The results indicated that all are significant, but explain less of the variability in reading difficulty: reading 42% spelling 62% (p.23). Low phoneticity assisted performance, but again tricky phonemes and phonetic difference had the strongest negative effect.  Spencer highlighted the difficulties in acquiring common words that constitute 50% of texts. He suggested that the irregularity of English affects the acquisition of decoding skills, speed and accuracy, as well as lexical recall. Without rules to aid assimilation or facilitate word building unfamiliar words must be deciphered. This affects processing, hinders progress and affects less able children who cannot self-teach. Spencer thus asserts that without external support: many children will be prevented from making progress. (P. 24) Spencer studied words from The British American English Corpus, (Hofland and Johannson, 1982) commonly used in linguistic studies (Sampson, 1997; Sanhofer, Smith and Luo, 2000), which thus appears to be a sound basis and his findings are plausible. However, there are doubts about the reliability of the results and a possible weakness in the design, which Spencer acknowledged:  This is not a longitudinal study.  (op cit, p. 22).  Year 2 pupils ability to spell is compared with the performance of Year 6 children and the conclusion reached is that:  After 3 extra years, the least able 10-year olds are still having problems with the difficult words and (have) not reached the same level of proficiency that the 7-year olds reached for the easy words.

States Influence in the Development of Social Reform During the 19th And Early 20th Century

Introduction Social reforms refers to long term changes in the society which affect the way people relate, work and live their daily lives. These changes are usually gradual, occurring over time and most of the time, they are faced with a lot of resistance from different groups of people. This is owing to the default trend in people to reject changes especially if they require them to give up some of the habits and trends that form part of their normal lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on State’s Influence in the Development of Social Reform During the 19th And Early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Shostak, â€Å"some of the concepts that formed the basis for social reforms in a long time include liberalism, utopian, religious and socialist concepts†[1]. For every social reform idea, there always arises a reactionary movement which works towards maintaining the old syste m and frustrating the efforts of the social reform policies. The state has always been one of the greatest forces in the development of social reforms in both the negative and the positive aspects. Social Reforms and Role of State In the United States, social reforms were mostly experienced between the 19th and 20th centuries. The earliest form that was experienced was the white males’ universal suffrage. At this time, there was massive discrimination based on race, gender and originality where the Native Americans, women and blacks were discriminated against in almost every aspect[2]. These are groups that later on featured in most of the social reforms agendas throughout the history of the United States. Most of these reforms were against the wishes of the government which at the time was dominated by white males and this made it difficult for the reformist to succeed. According to Buhle 1983, â€Å"most of the reformers believed that they were doing God’s work, and the second great awakening contributed more to this believe hence encouraged their mission further[3]. The reform movements that were established during this era became sectional over time in the sense that every movement targeted a certain group of people. At that time almost all the groups of people were involved actively in different types of reforms which were always facing opposition from somewhere else. Those who were affected adversely by slavery lobbied for anti slavery reforms while for others it was educational reforms. Women were actively involved in all forms of social reforms since they were always the disadvantaged group. The women slaves were the greatest sufferers while even those who were not slaves were never allowed access to education and so they could not develop careers. Some of the most prominent reforms of the time included abolitionism, women’s rights, public schools, temperance, prisons asylums and poor houses and the utopian communities[4]. The sta te always had a role to play in these reforms whether by supporting or frustrating them. Abolitionism Abolitionism also referred to as the anti slavery movement was one of the largest social reforms movement of the time. This is one of the social reforms movements that was greatly frustrated by the state since prominent people in the government were beneficiaries of slavery.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The slaves provided them with cheap labor for their farms hence increasing their production at no extra cost. Despite this efforts to frustrate the movement, the blacks who were the most affected population surged on and in the process, some of their great leaders were assassinated. The effects of abolitionism were mostly felt in the 1800’s though somewhere along the way the movement was almost dying just to be revived in 1831. It became impossible for the state to completely a bolish this movement since it some of the whites were also in support thereof. Some of these included William Lloyd Garrison who came up with an anti slavery publication dubbed the liberator. This earned him the reputation of being â€Å"the most radical white abolitionist of that period†[5]. Most of the white abolitionists in that time were for the idea that blacks should be shipped back to their native countries but Garrison came up with a different idea of introducing equal rights for the slaves. He worked hand in hand with the prominent leaders in the abolitionist movement such as Fredrick Douglas to ensure that the future generations of the blacks would enjoy equal rights as their white counterparts. He went by the slogan immediate emancipation but later on realized that this would take longer than he first thought. The main task here was to try and bring more whites to his side as he thought this as the best way to frustrate the state’s anti abolitionism policies . This however proved difficult when he realized that it would take him years to fully accomplish his goals. He however founded the anti slavery society in the early 1830’s that was meant to spread the anti slavery vehemence. The number of people who joined these movements especially the whites was still small but managed to initiate approximately 1500 local chapters in a ten years period. These people were however subjected to massive heckling and physical violence but they fought on. Owing to their persistence, racial discrimination was minimized in the United States though it has never been completely eliminated to date. Some of the greatest opposers of this movement were the southern congress men who came up with the gag rule policy. This policy was aimed at restricting the petitions made by the abolitionists in the congress and hence created a defensive strike towards all the discussion in support of abolitionism. This rule was however revoked in 1844 as a result of the opposition it faced from the congressmen who were in support of anti slavery policies. The constitutional phrase that had allowed the gag rule to be effective was reviewed in favor of the abolitionists and this seemed to be the beginning of a breakthrough for the movement. From then, it was no longer illegal to stage a protest against unfair treatment and though this seemed like a big step forward, America has never been completely been liberalized from racial discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on State’s Influence in the Development of Social Reform During the 19th And Early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women’s Rights The other prominent social reform movement in the history of America was the women’s rights movement. At the beginning of the 1800’s women were never given a chance to express themselves in public. They were always made to feel like they were inferior to men and they were not given the opportunity to contribute to anything involving the progress of the state[6]. It was constitutional for women to be prevented from voting as well as having property under their name. As a result of this, women always remained under the control of a man, be it their fathers or their husbands. After the abolition movements got a breakthrough in their quests, the movements that followed were advocating for the liberalization of women. The main agenda was to allow women to acquire education so that they could participate in the state social affairs just like their male counterparts. Some of the most prominent activists for women’s rights included Grimke Sarah, Stanton Elizabeth and Mott Lucretia who argued that women were created the same way as men and they had the capacity to do everything men did (Mitra, 2001 p 83). They publicly opposed the laws that had been by the state against women taking part in public affairs. They linked with the abolitionists such as Garrison and enthusiastic feminists hence creating a greater force against slavery and gender inequality. Just like the abolitionist movements, women rights movements were never welcomed by the state at first. However with time, the laws had to be edited so as to accommodate the plights of women. The congress was largely dominated by men and they could not have allowed women to be a competition to them especially in political matters. As a result of this, women rights movements were greatly frustrated by the state which was mainly administered by men and this mostly included white men. Some blacks supported women in the lobby since this struggle was directly related to their struggle against slave trade. This took a long time but ultimately, a law was passed allowing women to work and own property even after they were married. They were however allowed to vote and participate in politics after the 1920’s which was such a long time considering the ef forts the pioneers of these movements had put in the agenda. Despite the lag, they eventually got what they wanted though the hard way[7]. The state finally endorsed the bill that allowed women equal rights to those enjoyed men and this included the right to education, the right not to be forced into marriage, the right to own property and the right to vote and run for the elections. Public Schools Another social reform that was of great importance in the history of America was the public schools reforms. This was the first reform to be initiated by the government and was mainly concentrated in the rural areas. The main agenda was on improving the education by introducing a common curriculum to schools both in the rural and urban areas.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of this, the children from all over the state would develop the same quality of values hence increasing their chances of becoming responsible citizens. In these schools female students would be treated just like the males and the result of this was the coming up of a generation of women who were independent and productive. The major reason behind this reform was the fact that every person had been given the chance to participate in national building and it was feared that the ignorance brought about by lack of education would mess up the whole system[8]. It was therefore necessary that every person is educated for them to be in a position to make well informed decisions. A board of education was established and the secretary who at that time was Mann Horace advocated for an increase in the amount of resources allocated to education. They also developed the grading system where the students were divided into different grades according to their learning capacity and age. B esides this, they came up with standardized books which were used in public schools all over the state so as to have a uniform and fair system of education. Since these reforms were advocated for by the state, there was little resistance and this ensured that they were implemented in the fastest way possible[9]. The main resistance was from the owners of private schools who felt that they would run out of business owing to the fact that the public schools offered free education. This resistance was however frustrated by the state and so they had to find other ways of maintaining their students other than trying to oppose the decisions made by the state. Prison Asylums and Poorhouses Reforms Other reforms included the prison, asylum and poorhouses reforms which begun and gained popularity in the 1820’s. Before this, prisons were places where people were taken as a punishment for breaking the law and they would be simply confined and locked away from the rest of the world. The reformists who advocated for a change in this were for the idea that prisons could be used as a corrective measure rather than punishment. They advocated for the change in the prison laws which would include rehabilitation program for the prisoners. According to them, this would serve better as a mode of instruction as well as instilling order and discipline in the criminals. According to Whitman, â€Å"these people believed that crime was largely as a result of childhood neglect and trauma and they hoped that rehabilitation measures would counteract the effects of a poor upbringing and effectively purge criminals of their violent and immoral tendencies†[10] . Besides the prison rehabilitation, these reforms were to be extended to the insane people in the asylums as well as the poor. These would include constructing alms housing for the people who were poor and sick. Those who were healthy were to be housed in work houses where they were to be provided with casual jobs and be encouraged work hard and earn themselves a living. Before these reforms, the insane people were housed in very poor conditions and the result of this was increased trauma hence making their conditions worse. Most of the mentally disturbed people never managed to come out of their conditions because they were not taken good care of. Dix Dorothea was one of the reformists who presented the conditions these people lived in to the state and lobbied for the construction of asylums to rehabilitate the mentally sick individuals. They also ensured that psychiatrists were employed in these facilities so that these people received sufficient care both physically, mentally and emotionally[11]. This happened to be another social reform that was fully supported by the state owing to the fact that it would contribute to the elimination of some crucial issues. It would first reduce the number of beggars in the streets and ensure that all the sick people were being taken of hence reducing the mort ality rate. The state considered this as an investment that would be beneficial in the long run since it would increase the number of productive individuals and reduce the number of sick people depending on alms for the rest of their lives. Prisons were fitted with rehabilitation facilities where the prisoners were taught how to do something useful with their lives depending on what they were interested in. they would then come out of there better people than what they were before, hence reducing the cases of crime in the state. Utopian Communities Finally is the Utopian communities’ reform which was considered as â€Å"the most extreme reform movement in the United states was founded in the first half of the 1800’s in the belief that humans could live perfectly in small experiment societies†[12]. These movements aimed at coming up with a society that is perfect in all aspects including social relationships, marriage institutions as well as property ownership. T hese also affected the political religious and occupational societies by attempting to balance them perfectly in the society. These reforms were never supported by the state and neither were they opposed since they had no direct effect on its functioning. This explains why they never lasted for long but just faded away naturally. The goals of these reforms were more hypothetical than real and so it became impossible to incorporate them in the society. Conclusion From the discussion of the various social reforms of the United States and the roles played by the state in each, it is possible to conclude that although some of the movements were greatly opposed, they owe their success to government intervention whether it was positive or negative. Where the state opposed the movement, it was because it affected adversely affected its normal functioning or was against the wishes of most of the congressmen. This gave the reformist a chance to fight their battle and involve other organizati ons and individuals in the same. Where these reforms were supported by the state it was because it would benefit from it in future if not then. Feiring suggested that the success of the reforms that were opposed laid in the persistence of the reformists whereby they ended up convincing the state that the reforms were worth considering[13] . Bibliography Bhattacharya, Ruma. Women Education and Social Reforms: A Study of Patidars of Gujarat, 1850-1950. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2010 Buhle, Mari Jo. Women and the American Left: A Guide to Sources. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1983 Feiring, Marte. Sources of Social Reforms 1870 – 1970: The Rise of A Norwegian Normalisation Regime. Oslo: Department of sociology and human geography, Faculty of social sciences, Univ, 2009 Howerton, James Robert. The Church and Social Reforms. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1913 Kumar, Ramesh. Standardization: Key to Social Reforms. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Distributors, 2007 Mitra, Saumya. Kosovo: Economic and Social Reforms for Peace and Reconciliation. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001 Ray, Alok. Cross-Roads: Social Reforms in Nineteenth Century India. Kolkata: Radiance, 2005 Shamsi, Nayyar. Elements of Social Reforms. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 2006 Shostak, Arthur B. Modern Social Reforms; Solving Today’s Social Problems. New York: Macmillan, 1974 Whitman, Alden, ed. American Reformers: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1985 Footnotes Arthur Shostak B. Modern Social Reforms; Solving Today’s Social Problems. New York: Macmillan,1974,P.34 Saumya Mitra. Kosovo: Economic and Social Reforms for Peace and Reconciliation. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001,P.204 Jo Buhle Mari. Women and the American Left: A Guide to Sources. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1983,P.95 Jo Buhle Mari. Women and the American Left: A Guide to Sources. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1983,P.77 Alden Whitman ed. American Reformers: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: H.W. Wilson,1985,P.79 Jo Buhle Mari. Women and the American Left: A Guide to Sources. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 1983,P.97 Nayyar Shamsi. Elements of Social Reforms. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 2006.P.204 Ramesh Kumar. Standardization: Key to Social Reforms. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Distributors, 2007.P.123 Alok Ray. Cross-Roads: Social Reforms in Nineteenth Century India. Kolkata: Radiance, 2005,P.74 Alden Whitman ed. American Reformers: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1985,P.41 Robert Howerton, James. The Church and Social Reforms. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1913,P.96 Ruma Bhattacharya. Women education and social reforms: a study of patidars of Gujarat, 1850-1950. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers,2010,P.160 Marte Feiring. Sources of social reforms 1870 – 1970: the rise of a Norwegian normalisation regime. Oslo: Department of sociology and human geography, Faculty of social sciences, Univ, 2009,P.98 This essay on State’s Influence in the Development of Social Reform During the 19th And Early 20th Century was written and submitted by user Kaitlyn Jacobson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Collective Bargaining In The Workplace Essays - Labour Relations

Collective Bargaining In The Workplace Britain has one of the most developed systems of collective bargaining in the world, especially amongst manual workers. Its sophistication is one of the main reasons why British workers traditionally pressed less for the statutory provision of basic rights in the work place than their Continental colleagues. Most trade unionists prefer to put a grievance ?through procedure' rather than go to an industrial tribunal. Dubin has described collective bargaining as ?the great social invention that has institutionalised industrial conflict' and by the Donovan Commission as ?right which is or should be the prerogative of every worker in a democratic society'. It could be also defined as a method of determining terms and conditions of employment through the process of negotiation and agreement between representatives of management and employees. Collective bargaining does not require a comprehensive collective agreement for a stated period of time. It requires only the recognition of the bargaining agency and the principle of action that mutual problems be jointly considered and jointly decided. The desire of each party to be assured about the other's future conduct - that is, the desire for stability and security - makes the comprehensive collective agreement for a term the normal concomitant of collective bargaining. It requires each party to think into the future, to anticipate situations and to determine solutions before situations arise. It requires the making of policy - which, when agreed upon, becomes the collective agreement. The heart of the collective agreement - indeed, of collective bargaining - is the process for continuous joint consideration and adjustment of plant problems. And it is this feature which indicates the difference between the collective labour agreement and commercial contracts generally. Commercial contracts are concerned primarily with ?end results'; collective agreements, with continuous process. Workers organised into trade unions and bargaining with employers provides a measure of countervailing power to the powers of management, and that is fundamental to industrial relations. The collective bargaining process provides a formal channel through which the differing interests of management and employees may be resolved on a collective basis. The collective agreement is not made between parties who seek each other out for the purpose of entering into a business transaction and who can shop around among competitors for the most favourable connection. It is made between parties who find themselves already in a joint enterprise and who have little or no choice in selecting each other for the relationship. The union does not choose the employer and the employer does not choose the union. Both are dependent on the same enterprise and neither can pull out without destroying it. Even when a dispute between them results in suspension of operations, they must strive so to adjust the dispute as to resume their relationship. Whilst undoubtedly the process of collective bargaining has become more formalised at the organisation level, many arrangements (agreements) are still made between managers and shop stewards in respect of operational situations at the departmental or workgroup level. Collective bargaining through collective agreements places social constraints upon managerial discretion. One type of constraint consists of the labour standards or norms established by collective agreements relating to pay and hours which are translated into the terms and conditions of employment for employees represented by trade unions. Such standards limit managerial discretion in setting wage, hours and other substantive terms of employment. At the same time these standards also offer the advantage to management of harmonising labour costs throughout the industry. The second constraint is related to the bargaining over the rules, which govern the continuing relationship between unions and employers. These rules are often recorded in procedure agreements or the procedural clauses of collective agreements: negotiating procedures, bargaining rights and management rights clauses, shop stewards' facilities, redundancy, disciplinary and grievance procedures. This is the so-called ?contractual function' of collective agreements. Also collective agreements can provide a joint policy for redundancies or the introduction of new technology providing consultation rights for trade union representatives as well as rights governing seniority, job guarantees and measures to avoid redundancies. Collective rather than individual bargaining with an employer is necessary for effective voice at the work place for two reasons. First, many important aspects of an industrial setting are ?public goods', which affect the well being of every employee. As a result the incentive for any single person to express his preferences, and invest time and money to change conditions is reduced. Safety conditions, lighting, heating, the firm's policies on dismissal, work-sharing, promotion, its formal grievance procedure and pension plan - all obviously affect the entire work force in the same way that defence, sanitation, and fire protection affect all citizens

A Song And My Story Example

A Song And My Story Example A Song And My Story – Coursework Example Black Dahlia The song I choose is Black Dahlia by Hollywood Undead because every time I listen to it I feel a great connection. It is like Hollywood Undead, and I walked in the same shoes and the song practically analysis a past experience. The song explains how two people in a relationship went through a lot together in their daily activities. This song relates to my previous situation where I was in love with a lady and all I could think was her. The girl decided to leave me for another guy who happened to be my best friend and they never thought it was relevant to tell me. The only way I found out about their relationship was by walking in on them in a restaurant. In ‘Black Dahlia, Hollywood Undead states that the ex-girlfriend is the reason hate fills their heart and tears crowd their eyes. Hollywood Undead are expressing anger and all the frustrations to themselves because they were so naà ¯ve in their relationship that they could not realize something was wrong with the girlfriend. It was my heart, my life, my start, but your knife. This strife, it dies. This life and these lies, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). The song is connected to my situation because I did lose not only a girlfriend that day, but also my best friend. I lost the two people I trusted with my secrets and who I thought I could count on. Every time I look at some of my photos, we were either doing this or that with my girlfriend or my best friend. The memories we share can never be forgotten, and they will always be a reminder of the precious things I lost. The Sorrowful song has been sung for so long that it hurts to remember that they ever loved, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). Whenever I listen to this song I feel like I share a great connection. In some cases I end up laughing after remembering all the things we did together and sometimes wishing we could come back together and have a little fun. I wish I could have quit you I wish I n ever missed you and told you that I loved you, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). The song is, therefore, a sweet reminder of some of the things I am going to face in the future. It prepares me always to expect the best out of people but to be prepared for the worst. Seems like all we had is over now. â€Å"You left to rest, and my fears are over now I can leave with my head down," lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). Bowie, David. "Changes." Hunky Dory (in italics). RCA, September 13, 2010. MP3.

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities Essay

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities - Essay Example However, it should be noted that tourism bears hazardous effect on the environment and cultural authenticity due to a mass flow of people irrespective of the local traditions and rites to be taken care of. First and foremost, tourism is a result of consumerism. It deals with a set of services people have at their disposal for a particular amount of money. There is a pitfall for everyone thinking of solely positive effect of tourism worldwide. Hence, capitalist preferences drive many tourists to consume more than ever before compared to their own locations. In its turn, the financial issue is one of the most significant drives in choices made by tourists (Haan, 2008). That is to say, tourism and consumerism are close in their practical meaning with landscape as the main medium of attraction for tourists (Aitchison, MacLeod, & Shaw, 2001). Hence, it is indicative of many people to be troublemakers instead of normal tourists, as they intrude into the milieu of the cultural and ethnical diversity taken care of by locals with no excuse at all. As long as they are driven by the idea of their right for letting loose in accordance with money they spent for such a pleasure, they feel like they have already covered all expenses. Besides, there is a clear distinction between tourism and travelling. Andrews (2011) admits in his study that tourism does more harm to the environment than travelling, as the former touches upon invasion, pollution, and narrow-mindedness while the latter is characterized by discovery, understanding, intelligence, adventures, and broad-mindedness. By and large, tourism is a mark of a person’s identity looking at the places one visits and the services one prefers most of all with an idea of possible cultural merge in mind (Weiermair & Mathies, 2004). It is all about the financial substantiality of individuals. Thus, as long as a tourist pays for a tour along with providing a definite