Collective Bargaining In The Workplace Essays - Labour Relations

Collective Bargaining In The Workplace Britain has one of the most developed systems of collective bargaining in the world, especially amongst manual workers. Its sophistication is one of the main reasons why British workers traditionally pressed less for the statutory provision of basic rights in the work place than their Continental colleagues. Most trade unionists prefer to put a grievance ?through procedure' rather than go to an industrial tribunal. Dubin has described collective bargaining as ?the great social invention that has institutionalised industrial conflict' and by the Donovan Commission as ?right which is or should be the prerogative of every worker in a democratic society'. It could be also defined as a method of determining terms and conditions of employment through the process of negotiation and agreement between representatives of management and employees. Collective bargaining does not require a comprehensive collective agreement for a stated period of time. It requires only the recognition of the bargaining agency and the principle of action that mutual problems be jointly considered and jointly decided. The desire of each party to be assured about the other's future conduct - that is, the desire for stability and security - makes the comprehensive collective agreement for a term the normal concomitant of collective bargaining. It requires each party to think into the future, to anticipate situations and to determine solutions before situations arise. It requires the making of policy - which, when agreed upon, becomes the collective agreement. The heart of the collective agreement - indeed, of collective bargaining - is the process for continuous joint consideration and adjustment of plant problems. And it is this feature which indicates the difference between the collective labour agreement and commercial contracts generally. Commercial contracts are concerned primarily with ?end results'; collective agreements, with continuous process. Workers organised into trade unions and bargaining with employers provides a measure of countervailing power to the powers of management, and that is fundamental to industrial relations. The collective bargaining process provides a formal channel through which the differing interests of management and employees may be resolved on a collective basis. The collective agreement is not made between parties who seek each other out for the purpose of entering into a business transaction and who can shop around among competitors for the most favourable connection. It is made between parties who find themselves already in a joint enterprise and who have little or no choice in selecting each other for the relationship. The union does not choose the employer and the employer does not choose the union. Both are dependent on the same enterprise and neither can pull out without destroying it. Even when a dispute between them results in suspension of operations, they must strive so to adjust the dispute as to resume their relationship. Whilst undoubtedly the process of collective bargaining has become more formalised at the organisation level, many arrangements (agreements) are still made between managers and shop stewards in respect of operational situations at the departmental or workgroup level. Collective bargaining through collective agreements places social constraints upon managerial discretion. One type of constraint consists of the labour standards or norms established by collective agreements relating to pay and hours which are translated into the terms and conditions of employment for employees represented by trade unions. Such standards limit managerial discretion in setting wage, hours and other substantive terms of employment. At the same time these standards also offer the advantage to management of harmonising labour costs throughout the industry. The second constraint is related to the bargaining over the rules, which govern the continuing relationship between unions and employers. These rules are often recorded in procedure agreements or the procedural clauses of collective agreements: negotiating procedures, bargaining rights and management rights clauses, shop stewards' facilities, redundancy, disciplinary and grievance procedures. This is the so-called ?contractual function' of collective agreements. Also collective agreements can provide a joint policy for redundancies or the introduction of new technology providing consultation rights for trade union representatives as well as rights governing seniority, job guarantees and measures to avoid redundancies. Collective rather than individual bargaining with an employer is necessary for effective voice at the work place for two reasons. First, many important aspects of an industrial setting are ?public goods', which affect the well being of every employee. As a result the incentive for any single person to express his preferences, and invest time and money to change conditions is reduced. Safety conditions, lighting, heating, the firm's policies on dismissal, work-sharing, promotion, its formal grievance procedure and pension plan - all obviously affect the entire work force in the same way that defence, sanitation, and fire protection affect all citizens

A Song And My Story Example

A Song And My Story Example A Song And My Story – Coursework Example Black Dahlia The song I choose is Black Dahlia by Hollywood Undead because every time I listen to it I feel a great connection. It is like Hollywood Undead, and I walked in the same shoes and the song practically analysis a past experience. The song explains how two people in a relationship went through a lot together in their daily activities. This song relates to my previous situation where I was in love with a lady and all I could think was her. The girl decided to leave me for another guy who happened to be my best friend and they never thought it was relevant to tell me. The only way I found out about their relationship was by walking in on them in a restaurant. In ‘Black Dahlia, Hollywood Undead states that the ex-girlfriend is the reason hate fills their heart and tears crowd their eyes. Hollywood Undead are expressing anger and all the frustrations to themselves because they were so naà ¯ve in their relationship that they could not realize something was wrong with the girlfriend. It was my heart, my life, my start, but your knife. This strife, it dies. This life and these lies, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). The song is connected to my situation because I did lose not only a girlfriend that day, but also my best friend. I lost the two people I trusted with my secrets and who I thought I could count on. Every time I look at some of my photos, we were either doing this or that with my girlfriend or my best friend. The memories we share can never be forgotten, and they will always be a reminder of the precious things I lost. The Sorrowful song has been sung for so long that it hurts to remember that they ever loved, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). Whenever I listen to this song I feel like I share a great connection. In some cases I end up laughing after remembering all the things we did together and sometimes wishing we could come back together and have a little fun. I wish I could have quit you I wish I n ever missed you and told you that I loved you, lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). The song is, therefore, a sweet reminder of some of the things I am going to face in the future. It prepares me always to expect the best out of people but to be prepared for the worst. Seems like all we had is over now. â€Å"You left to rest, and my fears are over now I can leave with my head down," lyrics ‘Black Dahlia (Hollywood Undead, 2010). Bowie, David. "Changes." Hunky Dory (in italics). RCA, September 13, 2010. MP3.

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities Essay

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities - Essay Example However, it should be noted that tourism bears hazardous effect on the environment and cultural authenticity due to a mass flow of people irrespective of the local traditions and rites to be taken care of. First and foremost, tourism is a result of consumerism. It deals with a set of services people have at their disposal for a particular amount of money. There is a pitfall for everyone thinking of solely positive effect of tourism worldwide. Hence, capitalist preferences drive many tourists to consume more than ever before compared to their own locations. In its turn, the financial issue is one of the most significant drives in choices made by tourists (Haan, 2008). That is to say, tourism and consumerism are close in their practical meaning with landscape as the main medium of attraction for tourists (Aitchison, MacLeod, & Shaw, 2001). Hence, it is indicative of many people to be troublemakers instead of normal tourists, as they intrude into the milieu of the cultural and ethnical diversity taken care of by locals with no excuse at all. As long as they are driven by the idea of their right for letting loose in accordance with money they spent for such a pleasure, they feel like they have already covered all expenses. Besides, there is a clear distinction between tourism and travelling. Andrews (2011) admits in his study that tourism does more harm to the environment than travelling, as the former touches upon invasion, pollution, and narrow-mindedness while the latter is characterized by discovery, understanding, intelligence, adventures, and broad-mindedness. By and large, tourism is a mark of a person’s identity looking at the places one visits and the services one prefers most of all with an idea of possible cultural merge in mind (Weiermair & Mathies, 2004). It is all about the financial substantiality of individuals. Thus, as long as a tourist pays for a tour along with providing a definite